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Sage: The ethics of AI: how to ensure your firm is fair and transparent
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
March 07, 2025

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By Chris Torney

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have the potential to offer significant benefits and opportunities to businesses, from greater efficiency and productivity to transformational insights into customer behaviour and business performance. But it is vital that firms take into account a number of ethical considerations when incorporating this technology into their business operations. 

The adoption of AI is still in its infancy and, in many countries, there are few clear rules governing how companies should utilise the technology. However, experts say that firms of all sizes, from small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) to international corporations, need to ensure their implementation of AI-based solutions is as fair and transparent as possible. Failure to do so can harm relationships with customers and employees, and risks causing serious reputational damage as well as loss of trust.

What are the main ethical considerations around AI?

According to Pierluigi Casale, professor in AI at the Open Institute of Technology, the adoption of AI brings serious ethical considerations that have the potential to affect employees, customers and suppliers. “Fairness, transparency, privacy, accountability, and workforce impact are at the core of these challenges,” Casale explains. “Bias remains one of AI’s biggest risks: models trained on historical data can reinforce discrimination, and this can influence hiring, lending and decision-making.”

Part of the problem, he adds, is that many AI systems operate as ‘black boxes’, which makes their decision-making process hard to understand or interpret. “Without clear explanations, customers may struggle to trust AI-driven services; for example, employees may feel unfairly assessed when AI is used for performance reviews.”

Casale points out that data privacy is another major concern. “AI relies on vast datasets, increasing the risk of breaches or misuse,” he says. “All companies operating in Europe must comply with regulations such as GDPR and the AI Act, ensuring responsible data handling to protect customers and employees.”

A third significant ethical consideration is the potential impact of AI and automation on current workforces. Businesses may need to think about their responsibilities in terms of employees who are displaced by technology, for example by introducing training programmes that will help them make the transition into new roles.

Olivia Gambelin, an AI ethicist and the founder of advisory network Ethical Intelligence, says the AI-related ethical considerations are likely to be specific to each business and the way it plans to use the technology. “It really does depend on the context,” she explains. “You’re not going to find a magical checklist of five things to consider on Google: you actually have to do the work, to understand what you are building.”

This means business leaders need to work out how their organisation’s use of AI is going to impact the people – the customers and employees – that come into contact with it, Gambelin says. “Being an AI-enabled company means nothing if your employees are unhappy and fearful of their jobs, and being an AI-enabled service provider means nothing if it’s not actually connecting with your customers.”

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Reuters: EFG Watch: DeepSeek poses deep questions about how AI will develop
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
February 10, 2025

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  • Reuters, Published on February 10th, 2025.

By Mike Scott

Summary

  • DeepSeek challenges assumptions about AI market and raises new ESG and investment risks
  • Efficiency gains significant – similar results being achieved with less computing power
  • Disruption fuels doubts over Big Tech’s long-term AI leadership and market valuations
  • China’s lean AI model also casts doubt on costly U.S.-backed Stargate project
  • Analysts see DeepSeek as a counter to U.S. tariffs, intensifying geopolitical tensions

February 10 – The launch by Chinese company DeepSeek, opens new tab of its R1 reasoning model last month caused chaos in U.S. markets. At the same time, it shone a spotlight on a host of new risks and challenged market assumptions about how AI will develop.

The shock has since been overshadowed by President Trump’s tariff wars, opens new tab, but DeepSeek is set to have lasting and significant implications, observers say. It is also a timely reminder of why companies and investors need to consider ESG risks, and other factors such as geopolitics, in their investment strategies.

“The DeepSeek saga is a fascinating inflection point in AI’s trajectory, raising ESG questions that extend beyond energy and market concentration,” Peter Huang, co-founder of Openware AI, said in an emailed response to questions.

DeepSeek put the cat among the pigeons by announcing that it had developed its model for around $6 million, a thousandth of the cost of some other AI models, while also using far fewer chips and much less energy.

Camden Woollven, group head of AI product marketing at IT governance and compliance group GRC International, said in an email that “smaller companies and developers who couldn’t compete before can now get in the game …. It’s like we’re seeing a democratisation of AI development. And the efficiency gains are significant as they’re achieving similar results with much less computing power, which has huge implications for both costs and environmental impact.”

The impact on AI stocks and companies associated with the sector was severe. Chipmaker Nvidia lost almost $600 billion in market capitalisation after the DeepSeek announcement on fears that demand for its chips would be lower, but there was also a 20-30% drop in some energy stocks, said Stephen Deadman, UK associate partner at consultancy Sia.

As Reuters reported, power producers were among the biggest winners in the S&P 500 last year, buoyed by expectations of ballooning demand from data centres to scale artificial intelligence technologies, yet they saw the biggest-ever one-day drops after the DeepSeek announcement.

One reason for the massive sell-off was the timing – no-one was expecting such a breakthrough, nor for it to come from China. But DeepSeek also upended the prevailing narrative of how AI would develop, and who the winners would be.

Tom Vazdar, professor of cybersecurity and AI at Open Institute of Technology (OPIT), pointed out in an email that it called into question the premise behind the Stargate Project,, opens new tab a $500 billion joint venture by OpenAI, SoftBank and Oracle to build AI infrastructure in the U.S., which was announced with great fanfare by Donald Trump just days before DeepSeek’s announcement.

“Stargate has been premised on the notion that breakthroughs in AI require massive compute and expensive, proprietary infrastructure,” Vazdar said in an email.

There are also dangers in markets being dominated by such a small group of tech companies. As Abbie Llewellyn-Waters, Investment manager at Jupiter Asset Management, pointed out in a research note, the “Magnificent Seven” tech stocks had accounted for nearly 60% of the index’s gains over the previous two years. The group of mega-caps comprised more than a third of the S&P 500’s total value in December 2024.

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SheerLuxe: An AI Update For Business Leaders, Executives & Entrepreneurs
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
January 29, 2025

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  • Sheerluxe, Published on January 29th, 2025.

AI is advancing at pace and is now set to transform society, the jobs market and how we do business. On the back of the prime minister pledging to turn the UK into an ‘AI superpower’, we checked in with the experts to find out the latest from the frontline…

What’s the most important thing business leaders or entrepreneurs need to be aware of?

“Leaders need to accept and understand what AI technology can do. I have lived through the internet boom and the initial AI comeback a decade ago in the form of machine learning. Both of these were waves of change in the IT industry that affected every aspect of our society and our lives. But I’ve never seen such a high speed of adoption as with generative AI. Even though the technology is young and not perfect, it is obvious that it fills a real need for most of us, individuals as well as businesses. Therefore, leaders must educate themselves in AI to learn the truth about its capabilities and risks. Use AI to solve a problem; do not invent a clever solution to a problem no one has. Be aware of the new risks that generative AI introduces, like hallucinations and toxicity, and allow use of AI accordingly for your own customers.” – Zorina Alliata, professor of responsible artificial intelligence, digital business & innovation at OPIT

Which industries do you predict will be most disrupted by AI in the next couple of years?

“The financial industry is always one of the first to adopt new technologies. Financial companies are already using generative AI for document processing, risk assessment, fraud prevention and algorithmic trading. Because of increased computing power, we also see AI growth in healthcare and life sciences for drug discovery and enhanced diagnostic procedures. Retail, education, logistics are also adopting AI at a high pace. Which industries will remain unaffected? None, really. Even in high-touch human professions like nursing, therapy, parenting, AI is a tool that can help. While not replacing the job entirely, the industry will change because the AI tools are changing the way the job is done.” – Zorina 

Are there any new business models emerging due to AI advancements?

“I think we will see more AI-as-a-service (AIaaS) offerings, where AI tools are built on top of large language models and offer specific capabilities. This is an area where there is a lot of innovation, and I’m excited to see this develop further. I already use AIaaS on a daily basis for better writing, research, creating videos and presentations, and code debugging.” – Zorina 

What are the biggest challenges for small businesses and start-ups in adopting AI technologies?

“A big risk is too much enthusiasm and optimism. Generative AI has been adopted at a great speed. When you first try it, it is amazing. It can write a whole paper in seconds. It can explain complex diagrams and concepts. It feels like the trusted assistant you always needed, but it’s important to remember that AI comes with risks. It’s one thing to write an AI service that recommends what movie you should watch next, and another thing to write an AI service that reads your X-ray and diagnoses if you have a tumour. These two applications of AI have very different risk thresholds. You need to plan your AI service or product to be appropriate for use and to minimise the risk for your customer. I’ve also seen start-ups that tried out an idea and are now planning to build a product out of it, without any understanding of what it takes to run AI services at scale. Having best practices implemented, a good operational foundation, governance and a clear operational model are all requisites for running any production systems, especially something as risky and fraught with unknowns as AI products are.” – Zorina 

Which ethical considerations should entrepreneurs keep in mind when integrating AI into their businesses?

“Some considerations when creating your risk strategy for AI include data privacy and security (ensuring responsible collection and use of customer data); transparency (being clear about how AI is used in products or services); fairness and bias (addressing potential biases in AI algorithms); job displacement (considering the impact on employees and planning for transitions); accountability (establishing clear responsibility for AI-driven decisions); and environmental impact (considering the energy consumption of AI systems).” – Zorina

How is AI changing customer expectations?

“Customer expectations have gone up significantly since generative AI enabled better interactions. Customers expect omni-channel communications, immediate responses, and predictive service. For those companies that still have fragmented data in several platforms and lack a cohesive customer journey, the learning curve will be steeper. The good news is, there are a lot of innovations in this area.” – Zorina 

What skills do you think entrepreneurs will need to succeed in an AI-dominated business world?

“Some skills that would be useful include:

  • AI literacy: understanding the basics of AI, machine learning and data science.
  • Data analysis & interpretation: ability to work with and derive insights from large datasets.
  • Strategic thinking: identifying where AI can add value to business processes and products.
  • Ethical decision-making: navigating the ethical implications of AI implementation.
  • Adaptability & continuous learning: keeping up with rapidly evolving AI technologies.
  • Human-AI collaboration: effectively working alongside AI systems.
  • Soft skills: creativity, critical thinking, emotional intelligence and leadership will become even more valuable as AI handles more routine tasks.

As a leader, you are not required to write code or figure out the best way to deploy your model, but a high-level understanding of what AI can do will help you have meaningful conversations with your technical team and create AI products that are truly useful.” – Zorina

Finally, how will AI impact the workforce this year?

“There are several studies on this, such as the one the World Economic Forum (WEF) released this month about the status of work and the future of jobs. Some of the highlights are that AI and other technologies will continue to broaden digital access, with a first effect on increased demand for AI and data skills. The number of technology-related roles is the fastest growing, but frontline roles like farmworkers, delivery drivers and construction workers are predicted to see the largest growth. AI has evolved quickly to create images and videos, threatening the jobs of designers and movie producers. It was not what we would have predicted a few years ago. AI has a way of growing in unexpected ways, as we discover new paths of research and innovate ways to use it. I personally think it is hard to predict exactly where AI will go, and what will be the result of automating all routine tasks and behaving closer to humans. One thing we can be sure of is that people who understand AI and know how to use it will benefit from whatever new challenges are coming our way.” – Zorina

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The Yuan: AI is childlike in its capabilities, so why do so many people fear it?
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
November 08, 2024

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  • The Yuan, Published on October 25th, 2024.

By Zorina Alliata

Artificial intelligence is a classic example of a mismatch between perceptions and reality, as people tend to overlook its positive aspects and fear it far more than what is warranted by its actual capabilities, argues AI strategist and professor Zorina Alliata.

ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA – In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has grown and developed into something much bigger than most people could have ever expected. Jokes about robots living among humans no longer seem so harmless, and the average person began to develop a new awareness of AI and all its uses. Unfortunately, however – as is often a human tendency – people became hyper-fixated on the negative aspects of AI, often forgetting about all the good it can do. One should therefore take a step back and remember that humanity is still only in the very early stages of developing real intelligence outside of the human brain, and so at this point AI is almost like a small child that humans are raising.

AI is still developing, growing, and adapting, and like any new tech it has its drawbacks. At one point, people had fears and doubts about electricity, calculators, and mobile phones – but now these have become ubiquitous aspects of everyday life, and it is not difficult to imagine a future in which this is the case for AI as well.

The development of AI certainly comes with relevant and real concerns that must be addressed – such as its controversial role in education, the potential job losses it might lead to, and its bias and inaccuracies. For every fear, however, there is also a ray of hope, and that is largely thanks to people and their ingenuity.

Looking at education, many educators around the world are worried about recent developments in AI. The frequently discussed ChatGPT – which is now on its fourth version – is a major red flag for many, causing concerns around plagiarism and creating fears that it will lead to the end of writing as people know it. This is one of the main factors that has increased the pessimistic reporting about AI that one so often sees in the media.

However, when one actually considers ChatGPT in its current state, it is safe to say that these fears are probably overblown. Can ChatGPT really replace the human mind, which is capable of so much that AI cannot replicate? As for educators, instead of assuming that all their students will want to cheat, they should instead consider the options for taking advantage of new tech to enhance the learning experience. Most people now know the tell-tale signs for identifying something that ChatGPT has written. Excessive use of numbered lists, repetitive language and poor comparison skills are just three ways to tell if a piece of writing is legitimate or if a bot is behind it. This author personally encourages the use of AI in the classes I teach. This is because it is better for students to understand what AI can do and how to use it as a tool in their learning instead of avoiding and fearing it, or being discouraged from using it no matter the circumstances.

Educators should therefore reframe the idea of ChatGPT in their minds, have open discussions with students about its uses, and help them understand that it is actually just another tool to help them learn more efficiently – and not a replacement for their own thoughts and words. Such frank discussions help students develop their critical thinking skills and start understanding their own influence on ChatGPT and other AI-powered tools.

By developing one’s understanding of AI’s actual capabilities, one can begin to understand its uses in everyday life. Some would have people believe that this means countless jobs will inevitably become obsolete, but that is not entirely true. Even if AI does replace some jobs, it will still need industry experts to guide it, meaning that entirely new jobs are being created at the same time as some older jobs are disappearing.

Adapting to AI is a new challenge for most industries, and it is certainly daunting at times. The reality, however, is that AI is not here to steal people’s jobs. If anything, it will change the nature of some jobs and may even improve them by making human workers more efficient and productive. If AI is to be a truly useful tool, it will still need humans. One should remember that humans working alongside AI and using it as a tool is key, because in most cases AI cannot do the job of a person by itself.

Is AI biased?

Why should one view AI as a tool and not a replacement? The main reason is because AI itself is still learning, and AI-powered tools such as ChatGPT do not understand bias. As a result, whenever ChatGPT is asked a question it will pull information from anywhere, and so it can easily repeat old biases. AI is learning from previous data, much of which is biased or out of date. Data about home ownership and mortgages, e.g., are often biased because non-white people in the United States could not get a mortgage until after the 1960s. The effect on data due to this lending discrimination is only now being fully understood.

AI is certainly biased at times, but that stems from human bias. Again, this just reinforces the need for humans to be in control of AI. AI is like a young child in that it is still absorbing what is happening around it. People must therefore not fear it, but instead guide it in the right direction.

For AI to be used as a tool, it must be treated as such. If one wanted to build a house, one would not expect one’s tools to be able to do the job alone – and AI must be viewed through a similar lens. By acknowledging this aspect of AI and taking control of humans’ role in its development, the world would be better placed to reap the benefits and quash the fears associated with AI. One should therefore not assume that all the doom and gloom one reads about AI is exactly as it seems. Instead, people should try experimenting with it and learning from it, and maybe soon they will realize that it was the best thing that could have happened to humanity.

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Il Sole 24 Ore: For 66% of Linkedin people, AI should be taught in High School
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
November 04, 2024

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By Redazione Scuola

The data emerges from a survey carried out on LinkedIn by OPIT – Open Institute of Technology on the occasion of the start of the new academic year of the institution led by Francesco Profumo

Artificial Intelligence must become a subject of study starting from High School, given that this expertise is increasingly requested in job advertisements. This is the opinion of the LinkedIn community, consulted by OPIT – Open Institute of Technology, an academic institution accredited in the EU, led by Professor Francesco Profumo, former Minister of Education and Rector, and by Riccardo Ocleppo, founder and director. 66% of those who frequent the famous social network believe it is essential to introduce the teaching of Artificial Intelligence already in High School. Additionally, 72% noted an increase in mentions of AI in job ads, while 48% said the use of AI was considered an essential requirement by the companies where they applied for jobs. 38% use Artificial Intelligence mainly for writing texts, a further 38% for specific analysis and research, while 23% use it for translations.

OPIT

Open Institute of Technology carried out the survey on a sample of its followers (to date there are around 8,000 followers worldwide). The survey was launched on the occasion of the start of the new academic year of OPIT (October 2024) and involved professionals, students and technology enthusiasts, offering a significant insight into the perceptions and current trends regarding the use and teaching of Artificial Intelligence. The evidence from the survey highlights an increasingly widespread propensity towards a future in which Artificial Intelligence plays a crucial role. It is no longer a distant concept, but a reality that is already manifesting itself in daily work dynamics. Companies and professionals are rapidly adapting their strategies and skills to remain competitive in an ever-changing market, where the use of AI has become a fundamental element.

“Opportunities to innovate and improve professional development”

“The growing awareness of the importance of Artificial Intelligence in the workplace suggests that professionals are actively integrating these skills into their daily practices. This change offers opportunities to innovate and improve professional development” – explained Riccardo Ocleppo. “The technological transition we are experiencing is rapidly transforming the world of work, and AI will be increasingly central to this evolution. Rather than fear it, it is essential to study it, know it and understand its potential. Only through conscious preparation and a proactive approach will we be able to make the most of the opportunities that this technology offers. One of the distinctive elements of OPIT is precisely the integration of the teaching of Artificial Intelligence, in different modalities and with different perspectives, in all programs. This approach provides students with the appropriate tools to successfully face a constantly changing professional context, characterized by the growing demand for updated skills in the digital field”.

Reference academic reality

With two degrees already started in September 2023 – a three-year degree in Modern Computer Science and a Master’s degree in Applied Data Science & AI – and four new degree courses starting in September 2024 (a three-year degree in Digital Business, and the Master’s degrees in Enterprise Cybersecurity, Digital Business & Innovation and Responsible Artificial Intelligence, which brings the overall offer to 6 degrees), today OPIT is an academic institution of reference for those who intend to take up the challenges of a job market increasingly projected towards Artificial Intelligence, technology, digitalisation and information security. And the interest in three-year degrees in Computer Science and Digital Business is such that OPIT has reopened registrations for these courses, offering the possibility of entry from January. Today OPIT has more than 300 students from 78 countries around the world. The highest percentages come from Italy (31%) and Europe (36%) followed, to a lesser extent, by other areas of the world: North America, Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East.

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Zorina Alliata Of Open Institute of Technology On Five Things You Need To Create A Highly Successful Career In The AI Industry
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
September 19, 2024

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Gaining hands-on experience through projects, internships, and collaborations is vital for understanding how to apply AI in various industries and domains. Use Kaggle or get a free cloud account and start experimenting. You will have projects to discuss at your next interviews.

By David Leichner, CMO at Cybellum

14 min read

Artificial Intelligence is now the leading edge of technology, driving unprecedented advancements across sectors. From healthcare to finance, education to environment, the AI industry is witnessing a skyrocketing demand for professionals. However, the path to creating a successful career in AI is multifaceted and constantly evolving. What does it take and what does one need in order to create a highly successful career in AI?

In this interview series, we are talking to successful AI professionals, AI founders, AI CEOs, educators in the field, AI researchers, HR managers in tech companies, and anyone who holds authority in the realm of Artificial Intelligence to inspire and guide those who are eager to embark on this exciting career path.

As part of this series, we had the pleasure of interviewing Zorina Alliata.

Zorina Alliata is an expert in AI, with over 20 years of experience in tech, and over 10 years in AI itself. As an educator, Zorina Alliata is passionate about learning, access to education and about creating the career you want. She implores us to learn more about ethics in AI, and not to fear AI, but to embrace it.

Thank you so much for joining us in this interview series! Before we dive in, our readers would like to learn a bit about your origin story. Can you share with us a bit about your childhood and how you grew up?

I was born in Romania, and grew up during communism, a very dark period in our history. I was a curious child and my parents, both teachers, encouraged me to learn new things all the time. Unfortunately, in communism, there was not a lot to do for a kid who wanted to learn: there was no TV, very few books and only ones that were approved by the state, and generally very few activities outside of school. Being an “intellectual” was a bad thing in the eyes of the government. They preferred people who did not read or think too much. I found great relief in writing, I have been writing stories and poetry since I was about ten years old. I was published with my first poem at 16 years old, in a national literature magazine.

Can you share with us the ‘backstory’ of how you decided to pursue a career path in AI?

I studied Computer Science at university. By then, communism had fallen and we actually had received brand new PCs at the university, and learned several programming languages. The last year, the fifth year of study, was equivalent with a Master’s degree, and was spent preparing your thesis. That’s when I learned about neural networks. We had a tiny, 5-node neural network and we spent the year trying to teach it to recognize the written letter “A”.

We had only a few computers in the lab running Windows NT, so really the technology was not there for such an ambitious project. We did not achieve a lot that year, but I was fascinated by the idea of a neural network learning by itself, without any programming. When I graduated, there were no jobs in AI at all, it was what we now call “the AI winter”. So I went and worked as a programmer, then moved into management and project management. You can imagine my happiness when, about ten years ago, AI came back to life in the form of Machine Learning (ML).

I immediately went and took every class possible to learn about it. I spent that Christmas holiday coding. The paradigm had changed from when I was in college, when we were trying to replicate the entire human brain. ML was focused on solving one specific problem, optimizing one specific output, and that’s where businesses everywhere saw a benefit. I then joined a Data Science team at GEICO, moved to Capital One as a Delivery lead for their Center for Machine Learning, and then went to Amazon in their AI/ML team.

Can you tell our readers about the most interesting projects you are working on now?

While I can’t discuss work projects due to confidentiality, there are some things I can mention! In the last five years, I worked with global companies to establish an AI strategy and to introduce AI and ML in their organizations. Some of my customers included large farming associations, who used ML to predict when to plant their crops for optimal results; water management companies who used ML for predictive maintenance to maintain their underground pipes; construction companies that used AI for visual inspections of their buildings, and to identify any possible defects and hospitals who used Digital Twins technology to improve patient outcomes and health. It is amazing to see how much AI and ML are already part of our everyday lives, and to recognize some of it in the mundane around us.

None of us are able to achieve success without some help along the way. Is there a particular person who you are grateful for who helped get you to where you are? Can you share a story about that?

When you are young, there are so many people who step up and help you along the way. I have had great luck with several professors who have encouraged me in school, and an uncle who worked in computers who would take me to his office and let me play around with his machines. I now try to give back and mentor several young people, especially women who are trying to get into the field. I volunteer with AnitaB and Zonta, as well as taking on mentees where I work.

As with any career path, the AI industry comes with its own set of challenges. Could you elaborate on some of the significant challenges you faced in your AI career and how you managed to overcome them?

I think one major challenge in AI is the speed of change. I remember after spending my Christmas holiday learning and coding in R, when I joined the Data Science team at GEICO, I realized the world had moved on and everyone was now coding in Python. So, I had to learn Python very fast, in order to understand what was going on.

It’s the same with research — I try to work on one subject, and four new papers are published every week that move the goal posts. It is very challenging to keep up, but you just have to adapt to continuously learn and let go of what becomes obsolete.

Ok, let’s now move to the main part of our interview about AI. What are the 3 things that most excite you about the AI industry now? Why?

1. Creativity

Generative AI brought us the ability to create amazing images based on simple text descriptions. Entire videos are now possible, and soon, maybe entire movies. I have been working in AI for several years and I never thought creative jobs will be the first to be achieved by AI. I am amazed at the capacity of an algorithms to create images, and to observe the artificial creativity we now see for the first time.

2. Abstraction

I think with the success and immediate mainstream adoption of Generative AI, we saw the great appetite out there for automation and abstraction. No one wants to do boring work and summarizing documents; no one wants to read long websites, they just want the gist of it. If I drive a car, I don’t need to know how the engine works and every equation that the engineers used to build it — I just want my car to drive. The same level of abstraction is now expected in AI. There is a lot of opportunity here in creating these abstractions for the future.

3. Opportunity

I like that we are in the beginning of AI, so there is a lot of opportunity to jump in. Most people who are passionate about it can learn all about AI fully online, in places like Open Institute of Technology. Or they can get experience working on small projects, and then they can apply for jobs. It is great because it gives people access to good jobs and stability in the future.

What are the 3 things that concern you about the AI industry? Why? What should be done to address and alleviate those concerns?

1. Fairness

The large companies that build LLMs spend a lot of energy and money into making them fair. But it is not easy. Us, as humans, are often not fair ourselves. We even have problems agreeing what fairness even means. So, how can we teach the machines to be fair? I think the responsibility stays with us. We can’t simply say “AI did this bad thing.”

2. Regulation

There are some regulations popping up but most are not coordinated or discussed widely. There is controversy, such as regarding the new California bill SB1047, where scientists take different sides of the debate. We need to find better ways to regulate the use and creation of AI, working together as a society, not just in small groups of politicians.

3. Awareness

I wish everyone understood the basics of AI. There is denial, fear, hatred that is created by doomsday misinformation. I wish AI was taught from a young age, through appropriate means, so everyone gets the fundamental principles and understands how to use this great tool in their lives.

For a young person who would like to eventually make a career in AI, which skills and subjects do they need to learn?

I think maybe the right question is: what are you passionate about? Do that, and see how you can use AI to make your job better and more exciting! I think AI will work alongside people in most jobs, as it develops and matures.

But for those who are looking to work in AI, they can choose from a variety of roles as well. We have technical roles like data scientist or machine learning engineer, which require very specialized knowledge and degrees. They learn computing, software engineering, programming, data analysis, data engineering. There are also business roles, for people who understand the technology well but are not writing code. Instead, they define strategies, design solutions for companies, or write implementation plans for AI products and services. There is also a robust AI research domain, where lots of scientists are measuring and analyzing new technology developments.

With Generative AI, new roles appeared, such as Prompt Engineer. We can now talk with the machines in natural language, so speaking good English is all that’s required to find the right conversation.

With these many possible roles, I think if you work in AI, some basic subjects where you can start are:

  1. Analytics — understand data and how it is stored and governed, and how we get insights from it.
  2. Logic — understand both mathematical and philosophical logic.
  3. Fundamentals of AI — read about the history and philosophy of AI, models of thinking, and major developments.

As you know, there are not that many women in the AI industry. Can you advise what is needed to engage more women in the AI industry?

Engaging more women in the AI industry is absolutely crucial if you want to build any successful AI products. In my twenty years career, I have seen changes in the tech industry to address this gender discrepancy. For example, we do well in school with STEM programs and similar efforts that encourage girls to code. We also created mentorship organizations such as AnitaB.org who allow women to connect and collaborate. One place where I think we still lag behind is in the workplace. When I came to the US in my twenties, I was the only woman programmer in my team. Now, I see more women at work, but still not enough. We say we create inclusive work environments, but we still have a long way to go to encourage more women to stay in tech. Policies that support flexible hours and parental leave are necessary, and other adjustments that account for the different lives that women have compared to men. Bias training and challenging stereotypes are also necessary, and many times these are implemented shoddily in organizations.

Ethical AI development is a pressing concern in the industry. How do you approach the ethical implications of AI, and what steps do you believe individuals and organizations should take to ensure responsible and fair AI practices?

Machine Learning and AI learn from data. Unfortunately, lot of our historical data shows strong biases. For example, for a long time, it was perfectly legal to only offer mortgages to white people. The data shows that. If we use this data to train a new model to enhance the mortgage application process, then the model will learn that mortgages should only be offered to white men. That is a bias that we had in the past, but we do not want to learn and amplify in the future.

Generative AI has introduced a new set of fresh risks, the most famous being the “hallucinations.” Generative AI will create new content based on chunks of text it finds in its training data, without an understanding of what the content means. It could repeat something it learned from one Reddit user ten years ago, that could be factually incorrect. Is that piece of information unbiased and fair?

There are many ways we fight for fairness in AI. There are technical tools we can use to offer interpretability and explainability of the actual models used. There are business constraints we can create, such as guardrails or knowledge bases, where we can lead the AI towards ethical answers. We also advise anyone who build AI to use a diverse team of builders. If you look around the table and you see the same type of guys who went to the schools, you will get exactly one original idea from them. If you add different genders, different ages, different tenures, different backgrounds, then you will get ten innovative ideas for your product, and you will have addressed biases you’ve never even thought of.

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The AI ​​Era Requires a More Flexible and Affordable Model for Higher Education
Francesco Profumo
Francesco Profumo
August 01, 2023

AI, and its integration with society, had an incredible acceleration in recent months. By now, it seems certain that AI will be the fourth GPT (General Purpose Technology) of human history: one of those few technologies or inventions that radically and indelibly change society. The last of these technologies was ICT (internet, semiconductor industry, telecommunications); before this, electricity and the steam engine were the first 2 GPTs.


All three GPTs had a huge impact on the overall productivity and advancement of our society with, of course, a profound impact on the world of work. Such an impact, though, was very different across these technologies. The advent of electricity and the steam motor allowed the displacement of large masses of workers from more archaic and manual jobs to their equivalent jobs in the new industrial era, where not many skills were required. The advent of ICT, on the other hand, has generated enormous job opportunities, but also the need to develop meaningful skills to pursue them.


As a result, an increasingly large share of the economic benefit deriving from the advent of ICT has gradually been polarized towards people who had (and have) these skills in society. Suffice it to say that, already in 2017, the richest 1% of America owned twice the wealth of the “poorest” 90%.


It is difficult to make predictions about how the advent of AI will impact this trend already underway. But there are some very clear elements: one of these is that quality education in technology (and not only) will increasingly play a primary role in being able to secure the best career opportunities for a successful future in this new era.


To play a “lead actor” role in this change, though, the world of education – and in particular that of undergraduate and postgraduate education – requires a huge change towards being much more flexible, aligned to today’s needs of students and companies, and affordable.



Let’s take a step back: we grew up thinking that “learning” meant following a set path. Enroll in elementary school, attend middle and high school, and, for the luckiest or most ambitious, conclude by taking a degree.


This model needs to be seriously challenged and adapted to the times: solid foundational learning remains an essential prerogative. But in a “fast” world in rapid change like today’s, knowledge acquired along this “linear” path will not be able to accompany people in their professions until the end of their careers. The “utility period” of the knowledge we acquire today reduces every day, and this emphasizes how essential continuous learning is throughout our lives.


The transition must therefore be towards a more circular pattern for learning. A model in which one returns “to the school desk” several times in life, in order to update oneself, and forget “obsolete” knowledge, making room for new production models, new ways of thinking, organizing, and new technologies.


In this context, Education providers must rethink the way they operate and how they intend to address this need for lifelong learning.


Higher Education Institutions, as accredited bodies and guarantors of the quality of education (OPIT – Open Institute of Technology among these), have the honor of playing a primary role in this transition.


But also the great burden of rethinking their model from scratch which, in a digital age, cannot be a pure and simple digital transposition of the old analog learning model.


The Institutions Universities are called upon to review and keep updated their own study programmes, think of new, more flexible and faster ways of offering them to a wider public, forge greater connections with companies, and ultimately provide them with students who are immediately ready to successfully enter the dynamics of production. And, of course, be more affordable and accessible: quality education in the AI era cannot cost tens of thousands of dollars, and needs to be accessed from wherever the students are.


With OPIT – Open Institute of Technology, this is the path we have taken, taking advantage of the great privilege of being able to start a new path, without preconceptions or “attachment” to the past. We envision a model of a new, digital-first, higher education institution capable of addressing all the points above, and accompany students and professionals throughout their lifetime learning journey.


We are at the beginning, and we hope that the modern and fresh approach we are following can be an interesting starting point for other universities as well.




Authors


Prof. Francesco Profumo, Rector of OPIT – Open Institute of Technology
Former Minister of Education, University and Research of Italy, Academician and author, former President of the National Research Council of Italy, and former Rector of Politecnico di Torino. He is an honorary member of various scientific associations.


Riccardo Ocleppo, Managing Director of OPIT
Founder of OPIT, Founder of Docsity.com, one of the biggest online communities for students with 19+ registered users. MSc in Management at London Business School, MSc in Electronics Engineering at Politecnico di Torino

Prof. Lorenzo Livi, Programme Head at OPIT
Former Associate Professor of Machine Learning at the University of Manitoba, Honorary Senior Lecturer at the University of Exeter, Ph.D. in Computer Science at Università La Sapienza.


		
								
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Reinforcement Learning: AI Algorithms, Types & Examples
Raj Dasgupta
Raj Dasgupta
July 02, 2023

Reinforcement learning is a very useful (and currently popular) subtype of machine learning and artificial intelligence. It is based on the principle that agents, when placed in an interactive environment, can learn from their actions via rewards associated with the actions, and improve the time to achieve their goal.

In this article, we’ll explore the fundamental concepts of reinforcement learning and discuss its key components, types, and applications.

Definition of Reinforcement Learning

We can define reinforcement learning as a machine learning technique involving an agent who needs to decide which actions it needs to do to perform a task that has been assigned to it most effectively. For this, rewards are assigned to the different actions that the agent can take at different situations or states of the environment. Initially, the agent has no idea about the best or correct actions. Using reinforcement learning, it explores its action choices via trial and error and figures out the best set of actions for completing its assigned task.

The basic idea behind a reinforcement learning agent is to learn from experience. Just like humans learn lessons from their past successes and mistakes, reinforcement learning agents do the same – when they do something “good” they get a reward, but, if they do something “bad”, they get penalized. The reward reinforces the good actions while the penalty avoids the bad ones.

Reinforcement learning requires several key components:

  • Agent – This is the “who” or the subject of the process, which performs different actions to perform a task that has been assigned to it.
  • Environment – This is the “where” or a situation in which the agent is placed.
  • Actions – This is the “what” or the steps an agent needs to take to reach the goal.
  • Rewards – This is the feedback an agent receives after performing an action.

Before we dig deep into the technicalities, let’s warm up with a real-life example. Reinforcement isn’t new, and we’ve used it for different purposes for centuries. One of the most basic examples is dog training.

Let’s say you’re in a park, trying to teach your dog to fetch a ball. In this case, the dog is the agent, and the park is the environment. Once you throw the ball, the dog will run to catch it, and that’s the action part. When he brings the ball back to you and releases it, he’ll get a reward (a treat). Since he got a reward, the dog will understand that his actions were appropriate and will repeat them in the future. If the dog doesn’t bring the ball back, he may get some “punishment” – you may ignore him or say “No!” After a few attempts (or more than a few, depending on how stubborn your dog is), the dog will fetch the ball with ease.

We can say that the reinforcement learning process has three steps:

  1. Interaction
  2. Learning
  3. Decision-making

Types of Reinforcement Learning

There are two types of reinforcement learning: model-based and model-free.

Model-Based Reinforcement Learning

With model-based reinforcement learning (RL), there’s a model that an agent uses to create additional experiences. Think of this model as a mental image that the agent can analyze to assess whether particular strategies could work.

Some of the advantages of this RL type are:

  • It doesn’t need a lot of samples.
  • It can save time.
  • It offers a safe environment for testing and exploration.

The potential drawbacks are:

  • Its performance relies on the model. If the model isn’t good, the performance won’t be good either.
  • It’s quite complex.

Model-Free Reinforcement Learning

In this case, an agent doesn’t rely on a model. Instead, the basis for its actions lies in direct interactions with the environment. An agent tries different scenarios and tests whether they’re successful. If yes, the agent will keep repeating them. If not, it will try another scenario until it finds the right one.

What are the advantages of model-free reinforcement learning?

  • It doesn’t depend on a model’s accuracy.
  • It’s not as computationally complex as model-based RL.
  • It’s often better for real-life situations.

Some of the drawbacks are:

  • It requires more exploration, so it can be more time-consuming.
  • It can be dangerous because it relies on real-life interactions.

Model-Based vs. Model-Free Reinforcement Learning: Example

Understanding model-based and model-free RL can be challenging because they often seem too complex and abstract. We’ll try to make the concepts easier to understand through a real-life example.

Let’s say you have two soccer teams that have never played each other before. Therefore, neither of the teams knows what to expect. At the beginning of the match, Team A tries different strategies to see whether they can score a goal. When they find a strategy that works, they’ll keep using it to score more goals. This is model-free reinforcement learning.

On the other hand, Team B came prepared. They spent hours investigating strategies and examining the opponent. The players came up with tactics based on their interpretation of how Team A will play. This is model-based reinforcement learning.

Who will be more successful? There’s no way to tell. Team B may be more successful in the beginning because they have previous knowledge. But Team A can catch up quickly, especially if they use the right tactics from the start.

Reinforcement Learning Algorithms

A reinforcement learning algorithm specifies how an agent learns suitable actions from the rewards. RL algorithms are divided into two categories: value-based and policy gradient-based.

Value-Based Algorithms

Value-based algorithms learn the value at each state of the environment, where the value of a state is given by the expected rewards to complete the task while starting from that state.

Q-Learning

This model-free, off-policy RL algorithm focuses on providing guidelines to the agent on what actions to take and under what circumstances to win the reward. The algorithm uses Q-tables in which it calculates the potential rewards for different state-action pairs in the environment. The table contains Q-values that get updated after each action during the agent’s training. During execution, the agent goes back to this table to see which actions have the best value.

Deep Q-Networks (DQN)

Deep Q-networks, or deep q-learning, operate similarly to q-learning. The main difference is that the algorithm in this case is based on neural networks.

SARSA

The acronym stands for state-action-reward-state-action. SARSA is an on-policy RL algorithm that uses the current action from the current policy to learn the value.

Policy-Based Algorithms

These algorithms directly update the policy to maximize the reward. There are different policy gradient-based algorithms: REINFORCE, proximal policy optimization, trust region policy optimization, actor-critic algorithms, advantage actor-critic, deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), and twin-delayed DDPG.

Examples of Reinforcement Learning Applications

The advantages of reinforcement learning have been recognized in many spheres. Here are several concrete applications of RL.

Robotics and Automation

With RL, robotic arms can be trained to perform human-like tasks. Robotic arms can give you a hand in warehouse management, packaging, quality testing, defect inspection, and many other aspects.

Another notable role of RL lies in automation, and self-driving cars are an excellent example. They’re introduced to different situations through which they learn how to behave in specific circumstances and offer better performance.

Gaming and Entertainment

Gaming and entertainment industries certainly benefit from RL in many ways. From AlphaGo (the first program that has beaten a human in the board game Go) to video games AI, RL offers limitless possibilities.

Finance and Trading

RL can optimize and improve trading strategies, help with portfolio management, minimize risks that come with running a business, and maximize profit.

Healthcare and Medicine

RL can help healthcare workers customize the best treatment plan for their patients, focusing on personalization. It can also play a major role in drug discovery and testing, allowing the entire sector to get one step closer to curing patients quickly and efficiently.

Basics for Implementing Reinforcement Learning

The success of reinforcement learning in a specific area depends on many factors.

First, you need to analyze a specific situation and see which RL algorithm suits it. Your job doesn’t end there; now you need to define the environment and the agent and figure out the right reward system. Without them, RL doesn’t exist. Next, allow the agent to put its detective cap on and explore new features, but ensure it uses the existing knowledge adequately (strike the right balance between exploration and exploitation). Since RL changes rapidly, you want to keep your model updated. Examine it every now and then to see what you can tweak to keep your model in top shape.

Explore the World of Possibilities With Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning goes hand-in-hand with the development and modernization of many industries. We’ve been witnesses to the incredible things RL can achieve when used correctly, and the future looks even better. Hop in on the RL train and immerse yourself in this fascinating world.

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