Data is the heartbeat of the digital realm. And when something is so important, you want to ensure you deal with it properly. That’s where data structures come into play.

But what is data structure exactly?

In the simplest terms, a data structure is a way of organizing data on a computing machine so that you can access and update it as quickly and efficiently as possible. For those looking for a more detailed data structure definition, we must add processing, retrieving, and storing data to the purposes of this specialized format.

With this in mind, the importance of data structures becomes quite clear. Neither humans nor machines could access or use digital data without these structures.

But using data structures isn’t enough on its own. You must also use the right data structure for your needs.

This article will guide you through the most common types of data structures, explain the relationship between data structures and algorithms, and showcase some real-world applications of these structures.

Armed with this invaluable knowledge, choosing the right data structure will be a breeze.

Types of Data Structures

Like data, data structures have specific characteristics, features, and applications. These are the factors that primarily dictate which data structure should be used in which scenario. Below are the most common types of data structures and their applications.

Primitive Data Structures

Take one look at the name of this data type, and its structure won’t surprise you. Primitive data structures are to data what cells are to a human body – building blocks. As such, they hold a single value and are typically built into programming languages. Whether you check data structures in C or data structures in Java, these are the types of data structures you’ll find.

  • Integer (signed or unsigned) – Representing whole numbers
  • Float (floating-point numbers) – Representing real numbers with decimal precision
  • Character – Representing integer values as symbols
  • Boolean – Storing true or false logical values

Non-Primitive Data Structures

Combine primitive data structures, and you get non-primitive data structures. These structures can be further divided into two types.

Linear Data Structures

As the name implies, a linear data structure arranges the data elements linearly (sequentially). In this structure, each element is attached to its predecessor and successor.

The most commonly used linear data structures (and their real-life applications) include the following:

  • In arrays, multiple elements of the same type are stored together in the same location. As a result, they can all be processed relatively quickly. (library management systems, ticket booking systems, mobile phone contacts, etc.)
  • Linked lists. With linked lists, elements aren’t stored at adjacent memory locations. Instead, the elements are linked with pointers indicating the next element in the sequence. (music playlists, social media feeds, etc.)
  • These data structures follow the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) sequencing order. As a result, you can only enter or retrieve data from one stack end (browsing history, undo operations in word processors, etc.)
  • Queues follow the First-In-First-Out (FIFO) sequencing order (website traffic, printer task scheduling, video queues, etc.)

Non-Linear Data Structures

A non-linear data structure also has a pretty self-explanatory name. The elements aren’t placed linearly. This also means you can’t traverse all of them in a single run.

  • Trees are tree-like (no surprise there!) hierarchical data structures. These structures consist of nodes, each filled with specific data (routers in computer networks, database indexing, etc.)
  • Combine vertices (or nodes) and edges, and you get a graph. These data structures are used to solve the most challenging programming problems (modeling, computation flow, etc.)

Advanced Data Structures

Venture beyond primitive data structures (building blocks for data structures) and basic non-primitive data structures (building blocks for more sophisticated applications), and you’ll reach advanced data structures.

  • Hash tables. These advanced data structures use hash functions to store data associatively (through key-value pairs). Using the associated values, you can quickly access the desired data (dictionaries, browser searching, etc.)
  • Heaps are specialized tree-like data structures that satisfy the heap property (every tree element is larger than its descendant.)
  • Tries store strings that can be organized in a visual graph and retrieved when necessary (auto-complete function, spell checkers, etc.)

Algorithms for Data Structures

There is a common misconception that data structures and algorithms in Java and other programming languages are one and the same. In reality, algorithms are steps used to structure data and solve other problems. Check out our overview of some basic algorithms for data structures.

Searching Algorithms

Searching algorithms are used to locate specific elements within data structures. Whether you’re searching for specific data structures in C++ or another programming language, you can use two types of algorithms:

  • Linear search: starts from one end and checks each sequential element until the desired element is located
  • Binary search: looks for the desired element in the middle of a sorted list of items (If the elements aren’t sorted, you must do that before a binary search.)

Sorting Algorithms

Whenever you need to arrange elements in a specific order, you’ll need sorting algorithms.

  • Bubble sort: Compares two adjacent elements and swaps them if they’re in the wrong order
  • Selection sort: Sorts lists by identifying the smallest element and placing it at the beginning of the unsorted list
  • Insertion sort: Inserts the unsorted element in the correct position straight away
  • Merge sort: Divides unsorted lists into smaller sections and orders each separately (the so-called divide-and-conquer principle)
  • Quick sort: Also relies on the divide-and-conquer principle but employs a pivot element to partition the list (elements smaller than the pivot element go back, while larger ones are kept on the right)

Tree Traversal Algorithms

To traverse a tree means to visit its every node. Since trees aren’t linear data structures, there’s more than one way to traverse them.

  • Pre-order traversal: Visits the root node first (the topmost node in a tree), followed by the left and finally the right subtree
  • In-order traversal: Starts with the left subtree, moves to the root node, and ends with the right subtree
  • Post-order traversal: Visits the nodes in the following order: left subtree, right subtree, the root node

Graph Traversal Algorithms

Graph traversal algorithms traverse all the vertices (or nodes) and edges in a graph. You can choose between two:

  • Depth-first search – Focuses on visiting all the vertices or nodes of a graph data structure located one above the other
  • Breadth-first search – Traverses the adjacent nodes of a graph before moving outwards

Applications of Data Structures

Data structures are critical for managing data. So, no wonder their extensive list of applications keeps growing virtually every day. Check out some of the most popular applications data structures have nowadays.

Data Organization and Storage

With this application, data structures return to their roots: they’re used to arrange and store data most efficiently.

Database Management Systems

Database management systems are software programs used to define, store, manipulate, and protect data in a single location. These systems have several components, each relying on data structures to handle records to some extent.

Let’s take a library management system as an example. Data structures are used every step of the way, from indexing books (based on the author’s name, the book’s title, genre, etc.) to storing e-books.

File Systems

File systems use specific data structures to represent information, allocate it to the memory, and manage it afterward.

Data Retrieval and Processing

With data structures, data isn’t stored and then forgotten. It can also be retrieved and processed as necessary.

Search Engines

Search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc.) are arguably the most widely used applications of data structures. Thanks to structures like tries and hash tables, search engines can successfully index web pages and retrieve the information internet users seek.

Data Compression

Data compression aims to accurately represent data using the smallest storage amount possible. But without data structures, there wouldn’t be data compression algorithms.

Data Encryption

Data encryption is crucial for preserving data confidentiality. And do you know what’s crucial for supporting cryptography algorithms? That’s right, data structures. Once the data is encrypted, data structures like hash tables also aid with value key storage.

Problem Solving and Optimization

At their core, data structures are designed for optimizing data and solving specific problems (both simple and complex). Throw their composition into the mix, and you’ll understand why these structures have been embraced by fields that heavily rely on mathematics and algorithms for problem-solving.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is all about data. For machines to be able to use this data, it must be properly stored and organized. Enter data structures.

Arrays, linked lists, queues, graphs, and stacks are just some structures used to store data for AI purposes.

Machine Learning

Data structures used for machine learning (MI) are pretty similar to other computer science fields, including AI. In machine learning, data structures (both linear and non-linear) are used to solve complex mathematical problems, manipulate data, and implement ML models.

Network Routing

Network routing refers to establishing paths through one or more internet networks. Various routing algorithms are used for this purpose and most heavily rely on data structures to find the best patch for the incoming data packet.

Data Structures: The Backbone of Efficiency

Data structures are critical in our data-driven world. They allow straightforward data representation, access, and manipulation, even in giant databases. For this reason, learning about data structures and algorithms further can open up a world of possibilities for a career in data science and related fields.

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The 10 Things That We Should Reflect Upon for 2026
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
Jan 19, 2026 6 min read

2025 has come to a close, with 2026 already underway. There are many exciting events ahead and future milestones to aim for and look forward to. But it’s also the ideal time to look back over the last 12 months, exploring the most notable achievements we’ve made, lessons we’ve learned, and important moments to reflect on as the new year continues for OPIT’s staff, students, and broader community.

1. Student Commitment

Studying isn’t always easy. It involves long days, and even long evenings sometimes, with a seemingly never-ending series of tasks to accomplish and goals to aim for. It can take a lot out of even the most hard-working and dedicated individuals.

Yet, despite the hardships and challenges, OPIT students demonstrated remarkable resilience, continuous curiosity, and indefatigable determination throughout 2025. Looking back on the year, students at all levels of the OPIT community should feel proud and celebrate their accomplishments.

2. Podcast Launch

2025 saw a lot of new arrivals at OPIT, with fresh projects and innovations arriving on the scene. Chief among them was the OPIT EDGE Podcast, an exciting addition to the institute’s ever-expanding multimedia offerings.

There have already been several episodes of the podcast for students and technology enthusiasts in general to enjoy, with the first episode of this student-driven project involving an in-depth discussion with industry expert Matteo Zangani on the potential of quantum AI technology.

3. Success Stories

While many new students have joined the OPIT ranks in 2025 and will also do so in 2026, others have now achieved their educational objectives and are already moving on to the next exciting steps and chapters in their personal and professional lives.

There are so many inspiring success stories from the last 12 months, it’s impossible to list them all. But just one notable example has to be Maria Brilaki, who recently concluded her Master’s in Responsible AI, defending a powerful thesis related to non-invasive glucose monitoring through near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning.

4. Graduation in Malta

2025 was a big year of firsts for OPIT, including the institute’s first official graduation ceremony, which took place on March 8 at a grand ceremony in Malta, honoring the achievements of dozens of applied data science and AI graduates.

The hybrid event was open to both in-person and virtual attendees, bringing together members of the OPIT community from across the world. It was a huge moment for the graduates themselves and a thrilling milestone for OPI – a testament to all the hard work that has gone into building this institute.

5. OPIT AI Copilot

Artificial intelligence is the technology of the moment, and OPIT isn’t just dedicated to teaching the next-generation of technology leaders how to work with AI responsibly and efficiently; it’s also interested in harnessing the powers and potential of AI to improve its educational offerings, too.

This culminated in the development and release of OPIT AI Copilot in 2025. This groundbreaking AI tool now provides real-time, personalized learning support, along with contextual assistance, and is available on a round-the-clock basis for students to turn to, as and when they feel the need.

6. Hackathons

2025 also saw OPIT students and faculty take more active roles in various events, including hackathons. In November, for example, OPIT got involved with the 6th edition of the ESCP Hackathon, with several students entering as developers.

This was an exciting and unique opportunity for those students to meet up in person, put the skills they’ve honed during their time at OPIT to the test in a challenging environment, and learn from one another. OPIT will surely participate in more hackathons in the years to come, so stay tuned for more details on upcoming events and how you can play your part.

7. Strengthening Collaboration

From day one, OPIT has focused on building a strong network of established technology and business partners, opening doors and providing opportunities for both education and employment for its students.

This continued throughout 2025, with OPIT strengthening its connections with a number of world-leading organizations, including Accenture, AWS, Hype, Buffetti, and more. Through events like hackathons, career fairs, and more, OPIT makes the most of its ever-expanding and increasingly impressive professional network.

8. Online Career Fair

Another big first for 2025 was the inaugural OPIT Online Career Fair, an event that was held on November 19 and 20, with more than a dozen established and emerging companies from around the world in attendance, including the likes of Deloitte, Tinexta Cyber, Datapizza, RWS Group, Planet Farms, and Nesperia Group.

The only nature of this event ensured that students all enjoyed equal access, no matter where they were based, and everyone was able to hear from industry experts and enjoy the unique array of opportunities on offer, forging their own connections and learning more about brands they might like to work with or for in the future.

9. Education Innovation

OPIT has always been about innovating, delivering newer and smarter ways to learn for students across the globe, no matter their background, budget, or social class. And the institute has continually innovated over the course of 2025, helping students learn skills and broaden their knowledge efficiently and intuitively.

As we enter 2026, OPIT’s innovation is set to be on full display once more, with no less than two new courses for new applicants to choose from: AI-Driven Software Development (Elective) and Business Intelligence and Decision Making (Elective).

10. The Power of the OPIT Community

Perhaps the crowning achievement for OPIT in 2025 was the demonstrable success of not just individual students or faculty members, but the entire OPIT community, as a whole. Everyone, from alumni to new students and seasoned staff members, played their part in the institute’s success, paving the way for more great things and major milestones in 2026 and beyond.

As OPIT Rector and former Italian Minister of Education, Francesco Profumo, puts it:

“What inspires me most is the mindset of our students: forward-looking, responsible, and driven by a desire not just to succeed, but to contribute. Their dedication reminds us why education remains one of the most powerful forces for shaping the future.”

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The Value of Hackathons
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
OPIT - Open Institute of Technology
Jan 5, 2026 6 min read

Bring talented tech experts together, set them a challenge, and give them a deadline. Then, let them loose and watch the magic happen. That, in a nutshell, is what hackathons are all about. They’re proven to be among the most productive tech events when it comes to solving problems and accelerating innovation.

What Is a Hackathon?

Put simply, a hackathon is a short-term event – often lasting just a couple of days, or sometimes even only a matter of hours – where tech experts come together to solve a specific problem or come up with ideas based on a central theme or topic. As an example, teams might be tasked with discovering a new way to use AI in marketing or to create an app aimed at improving student life.

The term combines the words “hack” and “marathon,” due to how participants (hackers or programmers) are encouraged to work around-the-clock to create a prototype, proof-of-concept, or new solution. It’s similar to how marathon runners are encouraged to keep running, putting their skills and endurance to the test in a race to the finish line.

The Benefits of Hackathons

Hackathons provide value both for the companies that organize them and the people who take part. Companies can use them to quickly discover new ideas or overcome challenges, for example, while participants can enjoy testing their skills, innovating, networking, and working either alone or as part of a larger team.

Benefits for Companies and Sponsors

Many of the world’s biggest brands have come to rely on hackathons as ways to drive innovation and uncover new products, services, and opportunities. Meta, for example, the brand behind Facebook, has organized dozens of hackathons, some of which have led to the development of well-known Facebook features, like the “Like” button. Here’s how hackathons help companies:

  • Accelerate Innovation: In fast-moving fields like technology, companies can’t always afford to spend months or years working on new products or features. They need to be able to solve problems quickly, and hackathons create the necessary conditions to deliver rapid success.
  • Employee Development: Leading companies like Meta have started to use annual hackathons as a way to not only test their workforce’s skills but to give employees opportunities to push themselves and broaden their skill sets.
  • Internal Networking: Hackathons also double up as networking events. They give employees from different teams, departments, or branches the chance to work with and learn from one another. This, in turn, can promote or reinforce team-oriented work cultures.
  • Talent Spotting: Talents sometimes go unnoticed, but hackathons give your workforce’s hidden gems a chance to shine. They’re terrific opportunities to see who your best problem solvers and most creative thinkers at.
  • Improving Reputation: Organizing regular hackathons helps set companies apart from their competitors, demonstrating their commitment to innovation and their willingness to embrace new ideas. If you want your brand to seem more forward-thinking and innovative, embracing hackathons is a great way to go about it.

Benefits for Participants

The hackers, developers, students, engineers, and other people who take part in hackathons arguably enjoy even bigger and better benefits than the businesses behind them. These events are often invaluable when it comes to upskilling, networking, and growing, both personally and professionally. Here are some of the main benefits for participants, explained:

  • Learning and Improvement: Hackathons are golden opportunities for participants to gain knowledge and skills. They essentially force people to work together, sharing ideas, contributing to the collective, and pushing their own boundaries in pursuit of a common goal.
  • Networking: While some hackathons are purely internal, others bring together different teams or groups of people from different schools, businesses, and places around the world. This can be wonderful for forming connections with like-minded individuals.
  • Sense of Pride: Everyone feels a sense of pride after accomplishing a project or achieving a goal, but this often comes at the end of weeks or months of effort. With hackathons, participants can enjoy that same satisfying feeling after just a few hours or a couple of days of hard work.
  • Testing Oneself: A hackathon is an amazing chance to put one’s skills to the test and see what one is truly capable of when given a set goal to aim for and a deadline to meet. Many participants are surprised to see how well they respond to these conditions.
  • Boosting Skills: Hackathons provide the necessary conditions to hone and improve a range of core soft skills, such as teamwork, communication, problem-solving, organization, and punctuality. By the end, participants often emerge with more confidence in their abilities.

Hackathons at OPIT

The Open Institute of Technology (OPIT) understands the unique value of hackathons and has played its part in sponsoring these kinds of events in the past. OPIT was one of the sponsors behind ESCPHackathon 6, for example, which involved 120 students given AI-related tasks, with mentorship and guidance from senior professionals and developers from established brands along the way.

Marco Fediuc, one of the participants, summed up the mood in his comments:

“The hackathon was a truly rewarding experience. I had the pleasure of meeting OPIT classmates and staff and getting to know them better, the chance to collaborate with brilliant minds, and the opportunity to take part in an exciting and fun event.

“Participating turned out to be very useful because I had the chance to work in a fast-paced, competitive environment, and it taught me what it means to stay calm and perform under pressure… To prospective Computer Science students, should a similar opportunity arise, I can clearly say: Don’t underestimate yourselves!”

The new year will also see the arrival of OPIT Hackathon 2026, giving more students the chance to test their skills, broaden their networks, and enjoy the one-of-a-kind experiences that these events never fail to deliver. This event is scheduled to be held February 13-15, 2026, and is open to all OPIT Bachelor’s and Master’s students, along with recent graduates. Interested parties have until February 1 to register.

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